英国派系纷争 究竟谁是幕后智者
The Tory tribes are particularly vivid and noisy these days. Public disagreement between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats at the heart of the coalition government, as well as a widespread belief among Tory MPs that Lib Dems are steering the ship, has made dissent seem more acceptable. One senior Liberal Democrat compares coalition to an X-ray machine: it exposes the fractures beneath a party’s skin. Coalition also diminishes Mr Cameron’s powers of patronage, such as cabinet seats, with which to buy off agitators. The tribal gatherings are outlets for energy that, in past Conservative administrations, was channelled into government business.
there is a lot of energy in the party these days. The Tories’ 2010 intake, which makes up 48% of the parliamentary party, contains fewer intellectually mediocre patricians than its predecessors. Many new MPs have extensive professional experience outside politics. Before the last general election Mr Cameron meddled with candidate-selection procedures to enhance social and ethnic diversity. In the process he produced a more independent, opinionated crop of Tory MPs.
The broadly loyal culture of the party means its tribes are not nearly as dangerous as they might seem. Whereas Labour periodically breaks into warring dogmatic factions, Conservatives are generally united by a broad set of common principles—including a sceptical attitude to grand political schemes. One trenchant backbench critic acknowledges that many Tory MPs “usually follow the prevailing pattern”. Even on Europe, a topic that has caused infighting in the past, there is little sign of factionalism. The party is almost uniformly Eurosceptic, although some are hotter than others and there are differences over the timing of any referendum on the EU.
CC系的派系纷争
派系纷争堪称是国民党一大凸显而又诡秘的政治文化。北伐时期，胡汉民曾提出“党外无党，党内无派”。在这一理念宣导下，国民党的派系政治朝着两个方向发展：一是公开争夺党的正统，二是将派系斗争隐蔽化。“党外无党”不仅意味着其他政党不能合法存在，也表明党内持不同政见者和派系势力不能脱离原党另立新党，否则就可能丧失党统的合法性依据。在这种情况下，党内的不同派系为了合法存在，必须首先在党内制胜对手，争夺党的“正统”，然后以全党的名义宣布对方为非法，为“伪”组织，或取消对方成员的党籍。“党内无派”意味着党内派别活动是非法的和受到禁止的。“派系”一词在国民党的意识形态上是贬义的。这使各派系活动大多处于隐秘状态。一些派系的首领及其追随者不愿坦然承认其派系归属，也阻碍了派系成员对其宗派活动作客观诚实的陈述。CC系在1949年以前国民党的众多派系中堪称最具影响力，然而，史学界对CC系的学术性研究最为薄弱。陈氏（果夫、立夫）兄弟数十年来一直否认CC系的存在。其骨干分子亦大多缄口不谈。力行社成员自20世纪70年代后纷纷自我揭秘，其组织真相现已基本大白于天下。相比之下，CC系的组织内幕至今尚是一个未解之谜。陈立夫晚年回忆录中虽约略提及“青白团”，但“青白团”到底是一个什么样的组织，人们不详其底蕴。笔者从中国第二历史档案馆留存下来的原国民党中央党部档案中检阅到数份与CC系组织相关的原始档案，再以CC系成员的相关忆述资料相应证，一幅CC系组织的初步图像逐渐清晰起来。
